African Development in the 21st Century

African Development in the 21st Century: A scholar’s theories and contributions

This book review was published by Nigerian Tribune Newspaper on 29 January, 2015

http://www.tribune.com.ng/arts-review/item/27942-african-development-in-the-21st-century-a-scholar-s-theories-and-contributions/27942-african-development-in-the-21st-century-a-scholar-s-theories-and-contributions

The diverse contributions of Professor Adebayo Adedeji as a scholar, practitioner, and international civil servant to Africa’s development perspectives and processes are the subject matter of this recently released book, with contributions from mostly African scholars, policy-makers, former and current senior officials of the United Nations, leaders of civil society organisations and think-tank. Two common threads emerge from the diverse authors. First is the distilling of the contributions of Adedeji during his distinguished career of four decades and across national, continental and international levels. Second is the critical diagnosis of Africa’s past challenges, present trends, and future prospects.

The book, with nine chapters, is divided into four thematic parts, which contextualise Adedeji’s rich contributions to Africa’s economic development process drawing from leading documents especially the Lagos Plan of Action (LPA) and the African Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programmes for Socio-Economic Recovery and Transformation (AAF-SAP). These two documents are as relevant today as they were three decades ago when they were first developed. Part 1 presents reflections on the policies and strategies for Africa’s development since 1976. In this context, Adedeji used his pivotal position as head of United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) to build a distinctive African voice on developmental issues of great significance to the continent by strengthening the research capability, policy advocacy, and human capacity of the institution; and by serving as trusted adviser to African leaders on economic issues. Part two focuses on Adedeji’s efforts to use regional integration and cooperation to overcome the challenges of small market sizes and land-locked countries, economies of scale and scope and galvanize the continent’s economic development into a vibrant and globally competitive African economy. Part three is dedicated to examining the institutional deficits that continued to plague Africa’s development. Part 4 presents in-depth analyses of conflicts and development in Africa.

For those familiar with the development debate of the 1980s and 1990s between the World Bank and UNECA, much of the materials in this book are available in various publications of the two institutions. There are also a lot of repetitive materials across chapters in the book. However, I found fresh insights, ideas and interpretations in the chapters by four authors: Richard Jolly, Ali Ali, Adekeye Adebajo, and Otobo. The remaining five chapters essentially revolve around the insights and ideas provided by what I will call the four core chapters.

From my perspective, the leading chapter after the introductory chapter should have been Chapter four by Adekeye Adebajo on “A Tale of Two Prophets: Jean Monnet and Adebayo Adedeji.” This chapter provides a biographical sketch of Adedeji as an erudite scholar, a foremost development planner and practitioner, and the father of African integration. His vision for African integration was initially outlined in an article on “Prospects for Regional Economic Integration in West Africa,” published in 1970 in the Journal of Modern African Studies. Turning his scholarly insights into practice, Adedeji championed regional integration as an instrument for promoting peace and socio-economic development in Africa. As a Minister of Economic Development, he was instrumental in the creation in 1975 of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). At UNECA, he facilitated the creation of Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) in 1981 and Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) in 1983. His far-sighted vision and skillful efforts to transform the UNECA into a Pan-African platform to promote economic integration across Africa is comparable to Europe’s political visionary—Jean Monnet who was very instrumental as a French technocrat in the establishment of the European Community.

Most readers of this book, edited by Amos Sawyer, Afeikhena Jerome and Ejeviome Eloho Otobo, will agree with the following statement in the Foreword by President Joaquim Alberto Chissano, former President of Mozambique: “This book, written to honour Adebayo Adedeji, the intellectual leader of Africa’s quest for home-grown approaches to development and good governance, sheds light on many of the difficult policy challenges that Adedeji tackled during his career. His capacity and commitment to speak for Africa and on African issues remains unmatched.

•Dr Oshikoya is an economist and public affairs analyst.

Red Herrings of Okonjo-Iweala’s Sycophant

By Temitope Oshikoya
This piece was first written on Saturday, 27 September 2014 before the drastic decline in oil prices and its severe impact on the Nigerian economy, which has exposed the underbelly of Okonjonomics. As the tide ebbs, now we know those who have been swimming naked! Enjoy the article.

http://www.elombah.com/index.php/articles-mainmenu/25989-red-herrings-of-okonjo-iweala-s-sycophant
http://www.nigerianews24.com/articles/red-herrings-of-okonjoiwealas-sycophant
https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/NIgerianWorldForum/conversations/topics/429194
http://www.globalreportersvienna.com/2014/09/red-herrings-of-okonjo-iwealas-sycophant.html

I feel honoured that Mr Paul C. Nwabuikwu, the media adviser to Dr. Ngozi Okonjo Iweala (NOI), Minister of Finance and Coordinating Minister for the Economy, considered my article important enough to merit a rejoinder. My article can be located  here http://allafrica.com/stories/201409081894.html or below

However, in his piece “Temitope Oshikoya: The Lies of a Disappointed Man,” Paul conveniently side-tracked the issues raised in my article, and instead went on vicious and vitriolic attacks that would appear to impugn on my integrity and professional standing. Paul’s cheap attempt to wish away the poignant message, and then try to impugn the character of the messenger is a despicable display of his moral bankruptcy. I will address his key points on: ethnic bigot, pseudo-intellectual, NMRC, and ADB. 

The piece written by Paul Nwabuikwu simply confirmed the key theme of my article that our Golden Girl, NOI has been hijacked by sycophants like him, deluding her with flattery and adulation. As I noted, all the media image laundering and gymnastics are happening at a time when energy should be focused in helping the Government and the President to tackle unemployment crisis, especially among the youth of over 50%; reduce Nigeria’s Misery Index of 48, the third rank among 90 countries; and attenuate the deepening socio-economic inequality. As a professional economist and intellectual, it is my humble conviction that it is far better to let her realize the blinding effects of these sycophants from realties on Nigeria’s weighty economic matters.

First, in his characteristic sycophantic element, Nwabuikwu’s most egregious form of moral turpitude and dishonesty displayed throughout his piece with the words “ethnic bigot.” He insulted my Igbo wife from Abia State, my children with Igbo names, my Igbo in-laws, friends and colleagues. People know me as somebody who transcends ethnic boundaries, marrying from the South East; I attended a University in the North. With faith in the Nigeria project, I appreciate the sensitivity, sensibility and understanding of the different parts of the country. These traits, at the barest minimum, ought to inform the disposition of all Nigerians: to be broad-minded and to put the Nigeria project and our collective good ahead of individual, regional, and ethnic selfish interest.  You cannot lay claim to being broad-minded about the Nigeria project, when a preponderance of the country’s economic managers are either from your home state and your husband home state.

Second, Paul Nwabuikwu’s egregious charge of “pseudo-intellectual”, I am afraid, says more about him than about me. Curious to find out what this character is made of as displayed by his warped mind, I explored the Internet to know more about his credentials. To my utter disappointment, I discovered that all search for his intellectual scholarship showed nothing of value. If anyone has the temerity to label me a ‘pseudo-intellectual’ they had better do their homework properly.

For the avoidance of doubt, I am compelled to put to him a summation of my own record. Like many Nigerians, I grew up from a humble background, with the painful memory of parents who could hardly afford to send me through primary and secondary schools. But thanks to God’s Providence and with dint of hard work, I obtained a bachelor’s degree with first class honours, and best graduating student in Department of Economics and Faculty of Social Sciences at ABU, Zaria. I won a national essay competition and a Commonwealth Scholarship for my Masters and Doctorate degrees in economics at McMaster University in Canada.

I am a qualified chartered banker, with FCIB, certified management accountant (CMA), and an MBA holder. In addition, I have gained leadership, strategic, policy, and operational experience in development finance, central, investment and commercial banking through keen competitive processes. I have served as the Director General of an international organization; my appointment was by the authority of six Presidents and Heads of State following a rigorous competitive recruitment process conducted by KPMG and interviewed by Governors of Central banks. With my economics, banking and finance background, independent analysts had shortlisted my name on the list of potential CBN Governorship candidates. (http://www.myfinancialintelligence.com/banking-and-finance/next-cbn-governor).

I have authored and co-authored refereed articles severally in international scholarly journals, which have been widely cited as part of research and teaching instructions in leading universities world-wide, including at Harvard, Yale and Columbia Universities amongst others. It is ironic that Ngozi, who had published only one article--an adaptation from her PhD Thesis, in an international peer-review journal, will be calling others "pseudo-intellectual. " For the record, I have published over 50 articles in leading international development economics peer-review journals including Economic Development and Cultural Change published by University of Chicago Press, Journal of African Economies, published by Oxford University Press, World Development, Journal of Policy Modelling, Nigerian Journal of Economics and Social Sciences, and African Development Review.

In addition, my doctoral dissertation on Nigerian Economy: A Macroeconomic and Input-Output Model has been published as a book by Greenwich/Praeger in the USA. (http://www.amazon.com/Nigerian-Economy-Macroeconometric-Input-Output-Model/dp/0275934179/ref=la_B001HPKEQC_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1459630936&sr=1-1). 

I have served as an editor and member of editorial boards of Journals published by Oxford University Press and Blackwell.  l have served as Joint Coordinatir and Team Lead of African Competititveness Report of AFDB, World Economic Forum, and the World Bank; and African Economic Outlook of OECD, UNDP, and AFDB. 

I have also been contributing to public policy discourse on Nigerian economic issues in reputable leading national dailies including The Guardian, ThisDay, and BusinessDay, which appears to irritate sycophantic associates of NOI such as Paul Nwabuikwu. As I tell the truth dispassionately about our economy in those articles, these sycophants feel intellectually challenged. They think no Nigerian economist can and should challenge her intellectually on Nigeria’s economy, while thought leadership on our economy has been outsourced to non-Nigerians. .

Third, Paul Nwabuikwu obviously lacks knowledge of how professional search firms work. His allusion to the three professional firms headed by people from the South West was an attempt to cover up the regional selfish agenda. I have the highest respect for the names and search firms mentioned in Nwabuikwu’s rebuttal. But that is beside the point.  Somehow, only sponsored regional candidates always finally emerge.

From experience, a search firm sources out candidates and submits a shortlist list to the prospective employer, including names proposed by the latter. From thereon, the employer is in charge and control of the process going forward, including interviews, while the firm simply now plays a more supportive role, for example, in contacting candidates for the interview and looking after the paper work.

In the case of the NMRC CEO, the firm has done its professional part and submitted names of short-listed candidates, and interviews were expected to be completed in January, 2014. From then on, this is where the selfish agenda sets in! NOI kept delaying the process and finally acceded to a meeting in June 2014, then postponed it again for another three weeks in July. The start of the scheduled interview meeting was further delayed for more than three hours on the scheduled date of Sunday afternoon.

I have had opportunities during my career of over two decades to meet with Presidents and Ministers in Nigeria and in some other African countries. Once there is a scheduled appointment, they will never delay you beyond thirty minutes. IFC, DFID, ADB and World Bank will not delay recruitment process by 8 months and scheduled interview appointments by three hours. This is the crux of the matter: impunity and unprofessional lack of respect to others were displayed. The interview meeting provided me with the platform to challenge this impunity of not putting the collective good ahead of individual and regional selfish interest!  It is a shame that somebody who sees herself as a global celebrity and who aspires to the Presidency of the World Bank will behave just like another local warlord and show no respect for time, efficiency, and productivity.  Talk about a reformer, who has not only join the un-reformables, but even worse than them!

Fourth, it looks like Nwabuikwu does not seem to know the politics of the ADB and the World Bank and did not realize that I was an insider in the campaign for the Nigerian candidate in 2005. Another form of Nwabuikwu’s dishonesty: NOI was not the Finance Minister when the Nigerian Executive Director of the ADB was initially appointed. 

In conclusion, I wish to leave readers with quotes from an article in Africa Watch based on an interview of NOI by Ty McCormick: “As the full scale of Nigeria’s internal woes is laid bare, however, she (Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala) is increasingly at risk of being left with no clothes……In a way, the hype over the Nigerian economy mirrors the hype about Ngozi. Both are based on very little substance.” 

Need I say more?  We need to save our Golden Girl from sycophants such as Mr Paul C. Nwabuikwu, who will rather attack Nigerians who make efforts to contribute to public discourse on Nigeria’s economy.

Golden Girl and the Icarus Paradox

By Temitope Oshikoya

This article was published by The Guardian of Nigeria on 8 September, 2014

 http://allafrica.com/stories/201409081894.html
This piece was first written on Saturday, 27 September 2014 before the drastic decline in oil prices and its severe impact on the Nigerian economy, which has exposed the underbelly of Okonjonomics. As the tide ebbs, now we know those who have been swimming naked! Enjoy the article.

 ICARUS of Greek mythology was the son of Daedalus. They both escaped from the Island of Crete, flying with wings made of wax and feathers. Ignoring his father's warnings, Icarus flew too near the Sun and melted his own wings, fell in the sea and drowned. Paradoxically, his greatest assets, the wings that enabled him to fly in the first place turned into his liabilities and, as he ignored sound advice, led to his demise. Danny Miller's book "Icarus Paradox" drew an analogy of businesses and CEOs that failed abruptly after a period of apparent success, due to the blinding effects of arrogance, overconfidence, exaggeration, and hubris. With flattery from close associates, they are blinded to reality leading to their downfall as their greatest assets paradoxically turn into liabilities.

To many of us, Ngozi Okonjo-Iwaela (NOI) is Nigeria's golden girl. After a stint learning the politics and ropes of the World Bank, NOI rose to the position of one of its Managing Directors. Before then, she had served as a Vice President at the World Bank and as Nigeria's Minister of Finance, and briefly as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Her first home coming as a Minister of Finance had a lot to write about: for one, NOI played a role in obtaining Nigeria's debt write-off. NOI became not only Nigeria's golden girl, but a global celebrity.

The first sign of the Icarus Paradox: success tends to get to people's head. In 2006, NOI left the Government abruptly thinking she was indispensable with her new found celebrity status. The Financial Times of London in its editorial remarked essentially that NOI was not the only economic star in the debt relief firmament. It was a team work, with the then Nigerian President providing political cover. Unfortunately, even with the second home-coming of NOI, she has not learnt to swim in an ocean of humility. For a start, it is difficult to understand why NOI prefers to be called Minister of Finance and Coordinating Minister for the Economy (CEM), treating herself as a Prime Minister and an economic octopus with tentacles everywhere, except for ego pursuit and hubris. It appears that the golden girl enjoys the title of CEM, but tries to avoid accepting responsibilities for failures arising thereof. She became a polarizing figure to the Nigerian Economic Society in an attempt to be awarded its Fellowship. Eventually, she was given the award.

The second sign of the Icarus Paradox: over-exaggeration of her self-importance. We already have a Chief Economic Adviser to the President, who should actually be the CEM, coordinating inputs from different economic ministries (including the Ministry of Finance, Planning, Trade and Industry, Agriculture, etc.) and distilling them to provide thought leadership and unbiased professional economic advice to the President on the economy, while ensuring awareness among Nigerians on key economic issues; much the same as the National Security Adviser on security issues. To discerning observers, it is clear that the National Security Adviser has been, at least, trying to articulate national security issues, and ensuring awareness among Nigerians, and engaging key stakeholders about the cocktail of possible national security policy menu including socio-economic development software coupled with military hardware infrastructure needed to resolve our current complex security dilemma, especially on Boko Haram, and even on Ebola. In contrast, and very unfortunately, NOI has rendered the position of the Chief Economic Adviser to the President irrelevant; making it an appendage of her Ministry and her speech-writer on nothing to write about on pertinent economic issues facing the country.

The third sign of the Icarus Paradox: the blinding impacts of adulation and flattery to reality on the ground. NOI has not only lost her own professional economics edge, she has succeeded in outsourcing externally economic thought leadership on our economy to non-Nigerians, as for instance, during the national subsidy issue, for which her professional credibility was severely dented. The subsidy episode backfired badly for her. Recently, a McKinsey Report and an op-ed on Nigeria in Project Syndicate, distribute commentaries worldwide. Unfortunately, from a professional economics perspective, the Mckinsey's Report is at best methodologically flawed and, at worst, reads like using cooked data to drive a particular perspective to favour the minister. This is the same McKinsey that was busy dishing out strategic advice to some Nigerian banks that later failed spectacularly during the banking crisis of 2009. Witness also the latest attempt by the staff of the World Bank trying to prop-up the image of its former Managing Director. All of a sudden, according to the World Bank's staff Report, Nigeria's unemployment rate has magically dropped by more than half to 10%; against the stack reality on the ground.

The fourth sign of the Icarus Paradox: complacency. All these image laundering and gymnastics are happening at a time when NOI should be focusing her energy in helping the Government and the President to tackle unemployment crisis, especially among the youth; reduce Nigeria's Misery Index of 48, the third rank among 90 countries; and attenuate the deepening socio-economic inequality. Rather, NOI spent too much space and time hobnobbing with the ultra-rich oligarchs, who have no business being on Nigeria's Economic Management Team, except to further their own interest and to ensure that key appointments to government economic agencies are to their favour. This particular disturbing trend has already been observed by some public analysts noting that NOI appears to think that the best economic policy and regulatory managers are bred only from her geo-ethnic circles. This is self-evident from the headships of key economic and financial related agencies: AMCON, CBN, SEC, NSE, DMO, BPE, NSIA, NMRC, FRC, Pension, Budget, Procurement Regulation, Performance Monitoring, and Chief Economic Adviser, to mention a few.

The fifth sign of the Icarus Paradox: arrogance and lack of respect for others. One of the tactics NOI has deployed is to pretend that she is using professional search firms to recruit for some of these positions. But discerning Nigerians have seen through the smokescreen and her systematic efforts to favour only people within her regional circle. It was significant that the National Assembly refused to play ball with the position of the Executive Chairman of the FIRS, which remains in an acting capacity for more than two years. NOI has been trying to use the same tactics with the headship position of another institution under her purview. The process of selecting for this position began in earnest in the third quarter of 2013, with the expectation that by January 2014, it would have been completed. She finally acceded to a meeting in June 2014, then postponed it again for another three weeks in July, and further delayed the process for more than three hours on the scheduled date of Sunday afternoon, and when some people were fasting. She is still sitting on the process.

In 2005, some of us had also witnessed first-hand how NOI, out of self-interest, practically frustrated the candidacy of a Nigerian to the position of the Presidency of the African Development Bank (ADB). The same argument that she deployed against the Nigerian was, with the twist of fate, turned against her in her quest to become the President of the World Bank; after more than two decades at the World Bank, she does not have any new and fresh ideas to bring to the institution. Thanks to NOI, Nigeria has not only lost influence and pivotal position at the ADB; the potential candidacy of Nigeria's Minister of Agriculture to the Presidency of this continental organization may be equally frustrated if adequate care is not taken. On the other hand, NOI would readily support people from her region to positions at the IMF and the African Capacity Building Foundation.

Judging by Nigeria's high misery index, unemployment crisis, and a job-less growth in a period of high oil prices, NOI, as the Minister of Finance and CEM, has either simply been taking Nigerians for a ride on the economy or blindsided to the economic realities on the ground. Unlike those deluding her with adulation and flattery, it is far better to openly let her realize the blinding effects of her own Icarus Paradox of overconfidence, exaggeration, ego trip and hubris on Nigeria's weighty economic matters. We appeal to the goodwill of President Goodluck Jonathan, our own Daedalus and father figures to all Nigerians, to curb the un-golden practices of the golden girl, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, so that she can avoid the Icarus paradox.

- Dr. Oshikoya is an economist and chartered banker.

http://allafrica.com/stories/201409081894.html